The width of the background triangles is 2^order*stepsize, so you can calculate the step size as a function of the desired overall width:
\documentclass[tikz,border=10pt]{standalone}\usetikzlibrary{lindenmayersystems}\begin{document}%\def\trianglewidth{2cm}%\pgfdeclarelindenmayersystem{Sierpinski triangle}{\symbol{X}{\pgflsystemdrawforward}\symbol{Y}{\pgflsystemdrawforward}\rule{X -> X-Y+X+Y-X}\rule{Y -> YY}}%\foreach \level in {0,...,3}{%\tikzset{l-system={step=\trianglewidth/(2^\level), order=\level, angle=-120}}%\begin{tikzpicture}\fill [black] (0,0) -- ++(0:\trianglewidth) -- ++(120:\trianglewidth) -- cycle;\draw [draw=none] (0,0) l-system[l-system={Sierpinski triangle, axiom=X},fill=white];\end{tikzpicture}}%\end{document}