Charged particles

Charged particles: Bohr model of the atom, metals, proton and neutron, as well as the hypothetical composite model of the tau lepton.

Also have a look at the Thompson and Rutherford model of the atom, and the model for conducting metals.

Proton consisting of two up and one down quarks:

Neutron consisting of one up and two down quarks:

Hypothetical composite model of the tau lepton:

Populair depiction of an atom model:

Free-electron model of a metal to explain electric conduction:

Bohr model of a copper atom with an valence electron:

Edit and compile if you like:

% Author: Izaak Neutelings (July 2018)
\documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}
\tikzset{>=latex} % for LaTeX arrow head
%\usepackage{xcolor}
%\colorlet{charge+}{blue!80!white}
\tikzstyle{charge0}=[top color=green!80!black!50,bottom color=green!80!black,shading angle=20]
\tikzstyle{charge+}=[top color=red!50,bottom color=red!70!black,shading angle=20]
\tikzstyle{charge-}=[top color=blue!50,bottom color=blue!80,shading angle=20]
%\tikzstyle{charge+}=[thin,ball color=blue!60,shading angle=-10]
%\tikzstyle{charge-}=[thin,ball color=red!85,shading angle=-10]
%\tikzstyle{charge0}=[thin,ball color=green!80!black!80,shading angle=-10]
\def\d{0.8}
\def\R{1.0}
\def\N{{1.04*(\R+\d)}}
\begin{document}
\Large
% PROTON MODEL
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9]
\coordinate (O) at ( 0, 0);
\coordinate (D1) at ( 0:\d);
\coordinate (U1) at (120:\d);
\coordinate (U2) at (240:\d);
\coordinate (L) at ( 50:\N);
\draw[charge+] (U1) circle (\R) node[above=2,above left=-9] {up};
\draw[charge+] (U2) circle (\R) node[below=2,below left=-9] {up};
\draw[charge-] (D1) circle (\R) node {down};
\draw[thick,red!45!black] (O) circle (\N);
\node[above right=-4,scale=1.2,red!45!black] at (L) {$\text{p}^+$};
\end{tikzpicture}
 
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Click to download: charged_particles.texcharged_particles.pdf
Open in Overleaf: charged_particles.tex

4 Replies to “Charged particles”

  1. Hello!

    I used your conduction model to represent conduction (of course!)

    I am teaching thermal processes to my class, so I wrote this simple code (to the best of my abilities so far) to represent convection

    \documentclass{standalone}
    \usepackage{tikz}
    \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}

    \begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[>=Stealth, thick]

    % Flat surface
    \draw (0,0) — (6,0);
    \draw[densely dashed] (0,0.2) — (6,0.2); % indicating surface

    % Heat arrow
    \draw[->, red] (3,-1) — (3,-0.2) node[midway, right] {Heat};

    % Convection arrows
    \draw[->, red] (1,0.5) to[out=0,in=-60] (2.75,2.5);
    \draw[->, red] (5,0.5) to[out=180,in=-120] (3.25,2.5);
    \draw[->, blue] (2,3) to[out=180,in=-240] (0,1);
    \draw[->, blue] (4,3) to[out=0,in=-300] (6,1);

    % Labels
    \node at (3,-1.2) {\tiny Heat Source};
    \node at (1.5,1.7) {\tiny Convection Current};
    %\node at (4.5,1.7) {Convection};

    \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{document}

    Can you see it as representing convection? How could I change it to make it better, more representative?

    Thank you

    Wagner.

    1. Hi Wagner,

      I would just add a volume of water with a red to blue fade, something like this:

      \documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{standalone}
      \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
      \begin{document}
      \begin{tikzpicture}[>=Stealth, thick]
      % Volume
      \fill[bottom color=red!40,top color=blue!50!cyan!30,middle color=blue!50!cyan!20]
      (0,0) rectangle (6,3);
      % Flat surface
      \draw (0,0) -- (6,0);
      \draw[densely dashed] (0,0.2) -- (6,0.2); % indicating surface
      % Heat arrow
      \draw[->, red] (3,-1) -- (3,-0.2) node[midway, right] {Heat};
      % Convection arrows
      \draw[->, red] (1,0.5) to[out=0,in=-60] (2.75,2.5);
      \draw[->, red] (5,0.5) to[out=180,in=-120] (3.25,2.5);
      \draw[->, blue] (2,3) to[out=180,in=-240] (0,1);
      \draw[->, blue] (4,3) to[out=0,in=-300] (6,1);
      % Labels
      \node at (3,-1.2) {\tiny Heat Source};
      \node at (1.5,1.7) {\tiny Convection Current};
      %\node at (4.5,1.7) {Convection};
      \end{tikzpicture}
      \end{document}
      הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
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      You could add more red color to indicate the heating along the bottom, and perhaps try to make it a bit more 3D with ellipses. You can look for inspiration on google image search.

  2. For now, this will have to do… hehe! I teach this today, so this diagram will pass as convection. I divided the rectangle into 2 and did angled shading along the diagonal, so that it gives the very primitive impression that hot air is rising.

    I will try to see if I can make hot air curve and protrude into the cold air at the top and the cold air into the hot air at the bottom, so it gives a more realistic convection current.

    I am trying to rewrite all my lessons in beamer… maybe that was a very stupid idea!

    \documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{standalone}
    \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
    \begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[>=Stealth, thick]

    % Volume
    \fill[bottom color=red!40,top color=blue!50!cyan!30,middle color=blue!50!cyan!20,shading angle=45]
    (0,0) rectangle (3,3.5);
    \fill[bottom color=red!40,top color=blue!50!cyan!30,middle color=blue!50!cyan!20,shading angle=315]
    (3,0) rectangle (6,3.5);

    % Flat surface
    \draw (0,0) — (6,0);
    \draw[densely dashed] (0,0.2) — (6,0.2); % indicating surface

    % Heat arrow
    \draw[->, red] (3,-1) — (3,-0.2) node[midway, right] {Heat};

    % Convection arrows
    \draw[->, red] (1,0.5) to[out=0,in=-60] (2.75,2.5);
    \draw[->, red] (5,0.5) to[out=180,in=-120] (3.25,2.5);
    \draw[->, blue] (2,3) to[out=180,in=-240] (0.5,1);
    \draw[->, blue] (4,3) to[out=0,in=-300] (5.5,1);

    % Labels
    \node at (3,-1.2) {\tiny Heat Source};
    \node at (1.5,1.7) {\tiny Convection Current};
    %\node at (4.5,1.7) {Convection};

    \end{tikzpicture}

    \end{document}

    1. Maybe something like this?

      \documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{standalone}
      \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
      \usetikzlibrary{fadings}
      \begin{tikzfadingfrompicture}[name=halo]
      \shade[inner color=transparent!0,outer color=transparent!100] (0,0) circle (0.8);
      \end{tikzfadingfrompicture}
      \begin{document}
      \begin{tikzpicture}[>=Stealth, thick]
      % Volume
      \begin{scope}
      \clip (0,0) rectangle (6,3.5);
      \fill[blue!50!cyan!30] (0,0) rectangle (6,3.5);
      \fill[path fading=halo,red!40] % halo/
      (3,0) ellipse (3.6 and 3.5);
      %\fill[inner color=red!40,outer color=blue!50!cyan!30]
      % (3,0) circle(4.5);
      \end{scope}
      % Flat surface
      \draw (0,0) -- (6,0);
      \draw[densely dashed] (0,0.2) -- (6,0.2); % indicating surface
      % Heat arrow
      \draw[->, red] (3,-1) -- (3,-0.2) node[midway, right] {Heat};
      % Convection arrows
      \draw[->, red] (1,0.5) to[out=0,in=-60] (2.75,2.5);
      \draw[->, red] (5,0.5) to[out=180,in=-120] (3.25,2.5);
      \draw[->, blue] (2,3) to[out=180,in=-240] (0.5,1);
      \draw[->, blue] (4,3) to[out=0,in=-300] (5.5,1);
      % Labels
      \node at (3,-1.2) {\tiny Heat Source};
      \node at (1.5,1.7) {\tiny Convection Current};
      %\node at (4.5,1.7) {Convection};
      \end{tikzpicture}
      \end{document}
      הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
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      Good luck with teaching!

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