Plot of electric voltage along circuit. Also see this 3D figure, and for more related figure, see the Electric engineering category.
Simple circuit with battery/EMF and single resistor.
With internal resistance:
Two resistors in series:
Two resistors in parallel:
Edit and compile if you like:
% Author: Izaak Neutelings (December 2021)
\documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepackage[siunitx]{circuitikz}
\usepackage[outline]{contour} % glow around text
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings}
\tikzset{>=latex} % for LaTeX arrow head
\usepackage{xcolor}
\contourlength{1.5pt}
\colorlet{Icol}{blue!60!black}
\colorlet{Ccol}{orange!90!black}
\colorlet{Rcol}{green!50!black}
\colorlet{myred}{red!90!black}
\newcommand\EMF{\mathcal{E}}
\tikzstyle{EMF}=[battery1,l=$\EMF$,thin]
\tikzstyle{internal R}=[R,color=Rcol,Rcol,l=$r$,bipoles/length=25pt]
\tikzstyle{thick R}=[R,color=Rcol,thick,Rcol,l=$R$,bipoles/length=35pt]
\tikzstyle{small <->}=[{Latex[length=4,width=3]}-{Latex[length=4,width=3]},thick]
\def\tick#1#2{\draw[thick] (#1) ++ (#2:0.1) --++ (#2:-0.2)}
\begin{document}
% RESISTOR with EMF
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9]
\def\Vmax{2.0}
% FILL AREA
\fill[Icol!15] (0.09,-1.7) rectangle (0.90,\Vmax+0.2);
\fill[Rcol!15] (1.70,-1.5) rectangle (3.30,\Vmax+0.2);
% AXIS
\begin{scope}[shift={(-0.5,0)}]
\draw[->,thick]
(-0.3,0) -- (4.9,0);
\draw[->,thick]
(0,-0.3) --++ (0,\Vmax+0.8) node[left] {$V$}; %\Delta
\tick{0,\Vmax}{0} node[left] {$\EMF$};
\draw[dashed]
(0,\Vmax) --++ (4.3,0);
\end{scope}
% GRAPH
\draw[very thick,Icol]
(-0.4,0) -- (0.3,0)
-- (0.7,\Vmax) -- (1.9,\Vmax)
-- (3.13,0) -- (4.0,0);
\draw[<->,thick,Rcol]
(3.55,0) --++ (0,\Vmax) node[midway,right] {$RI$};
% CIRCUIT
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-0.7)}]
\draw[thick]
(4,0) to[thick R] (1,0)
to[EMF] (0,0) -- (-0.3,0);
\fill[black] (-0.3,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\fill[black] (4,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.25,0.4) {$-$};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.75,0.4) {$+$};
\draw[->,Icol] (1.0,-0.1) --++ (0.6,0) node[midway,below] {$I$};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
% RESISTOR with EMF + internal resistance
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9] %[x=30] %,y=100pt
\def\Vmax{2.0}
\def\RI{1.6}
% FILL AREA
\fill[Icol!15] (0.09,-1.7) rectangle (2.10,\Vmax+0.3);
\fill[Rcol!15] (1.00,-1.5) rectangle (1.99,\Vmax+0.2);
\fill[Rcol!15] (2.75,-1.5) rectangle (4.25,\RI+0.2);
% AXIS
\begin{scope}[shift={(-0.5,0)}]
\draw[->,thick]
(-0.3,0) -- (5.7,0);
\draw[->,thick]
(0,-0.3) --++ (0,\Vmax+0.8) node[left] {$V$}; %\Delta
\tick{0,\Vmax}{0} node[left] {$\EMF$};
\tick{0,\RI}{0} node[left] {$RI$};
\draw[dashed]
(0,\Vmax) --++ (2.9,0)
(0,\RI) --++ (5.3,0);
\end{scope}
% GRAPH
\draw[very thick,Icol]
(-0.4,0) -- (0.3,0) -- (0.7,\Vmax)
-- (1.12,\Vmax) -- (1.84,\RI)
-- (2.85,\RI) -- (4.15,0) -- (4.8,0);
\draw[small <->,Rcol]
(2.25,\Vmax) --++ (0,\RI-\Vmax) node[pos=0.4,right=-1] {$rI$};
\draw[<->,thick,Rcol]
(4.5,0) --++ (0,\RI) node[midway,right] {$RI$};
% CIRCUIT
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-0.7)}]
\draw[thick]
(4.8,0) to[thick R] (2.2,0) --
(2.0,0) to[internal R] (1,0)
to[EMF] (0,0) -- (-0.3,0);
\fill[black] (-0.3,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\fill[black] (4.8,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.25,0.4) {$-$};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.75,0.4) {$+$};
%\draw[->,Icol] (I0)++(1.0, 0.1) --++ (1,0) node[midway,above] {$I_0$};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
% RESISTOR with EMF + series
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9]
\def\Vmax{2.0}
\def\RI{1.1}
% FILL AREA
\fill[Icol!15] (0.09,-1.7) rectangle (0.90,\Vmax+0.2);
\fill[Rcol!15] (1.20,-1.5) rectangle (2.60,\Vmax+0.2);
\fill[Rcol!15] (2.95,-1.5) rectangle (4.35,\RI+0.2);
% AXIS
\begin{scope}[shift={(-0.5,0)}]
\draw[->,thick]
(-0.3,0) -- (5.7,0);
\draw[->,thick]
(0,-0.3) --++ (0,\Vmax+0.8) node[left] {$V$}; %\Delta
\tick{0,\Vmax}{0} node[left] {$\EMF$};
\tick{0,\RI}{0} node[left] {$R_2I$};
\draw[dashed]
(0,\Vmax) --++ (3.4,0)
(0,\RI) --++ (5.3,0);
\end{scope}
% GRAPH
\draw[very thick,Icol]
(-0.4,0) -- (0.3,0) -- (0.7,\Vmax)
-- (1.35,\Vmax) -- (2.45,\RI)
-- (3.10,\RI) -- (4.25,0) -- (4.8,0);
\draw[small <->,Rcol]
(2.73,\Vmax) --++ (0,\RI-\Vmax) node[pos=0.45,right=-1] {$R_1I$};
\draw[<->,thick,Rcol]
(4.5,0) --++ (0,\RI) node[midway,right] {$R_2I$};
% CIRCUIT
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-0.7)}]
\draw[thick]
(4.8,0) to[thick R,l=$R_2$] (2.5,0) --
(2.5,0) to[thick R,l=$R_1$] (1.3,0) -- (1,0)
to[EMF] (0,0) -- (-0.3,0);
\fill[black] (-0.3,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\fill[black] (4.8,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.25,0.4) {$-$};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.75,0.4) {$+$};
%\draw[->,Icol] (I0)++(1.0, 0.1) --++ (1,0) node[midway,above] {$I_0$};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
% RESISTOR with EMF - parallel
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9]
\def\Vmax{2.0}
% FILL AREA
\fill[Icol!15] (0.09,-1.8) rectangle (0.90,\Vmax+0.2);
\fill[Rcol!15] (1.80,-1.1) rectangle (2.90,\Vmax+0.2);
\fill[Rcol!15] (3.10,-1.9) rectangle (4.20,\Vmax+0.2);
% AXIS
\begin{scope}[shift={(-0.5,0)}]
\draw[->,thick]
(-0.3,0) -- (5.9,0);
\draw[->,thick]
(0,-0.3) --++ (0,\Vmax+0.8) node[left] {$V$}; %\Delta
\tick{0,\Vmax}{0} node[left] {$\EMF$};
\draw[dashed]
(0,\Vmax) --++ (5.3,0);
\end{scope}
% GRAPH
\draw[very thick,myred]
(1.6,\Vmax) -- (3.2,\Vmax)
-- (4.1,0) -- (4.7,0);
\draw[very thick,Icol]
(-0.4,0) -- (0.3,0)
-- (0.7,\Vmax) -- (1.9,\Vmax)
-- (2.8,0) -- (5.05,0);
\draw[<->,thick,Rcol]
(4.45,0) --++ (0,\Vmax) node[midway,right] {$R_1I_1=R_2I_2$};
% CIRCUIT
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-0.8)}]
\draw[thick]
(5,0) -- (4.5,0)
(1.5,0) -- (1,0) to[EMF] (0,0) -- (-0.3,0);
\draw[Icol,thick]
(4.5,0) |- (3.2,0.4) to[thick R,l=$R_1$,bipoles/length=28pt]
(1.5,0.4) -| (1.5,0);
\draw[myred,thick]
(4.5,0) -- (4.5,-0.4) to[thick R,l=$R_2$,bipoles/length=28pt]
(2.8,-0.4) -| (1.5,0);
\fill[black] (-0.3,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\fill[black] (5,0) circle (2pt) node[below] {a};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.25,0.4) {$-$};
\node[scale=0.7] at (0.75,0.4) {$+$};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}Click to download: electric_circuit_voltage_plots.tex • electric_circuit_voltage_plots.pdf
Open in Overleaf: electric_circuit_voltage_plots.tex.
