Some basic 3D axes with spherical and cylindrical coordinates, unit vectors, area element and solid angle.
For more figures of coordinate systems, have a look at the “coordinates” tag.
Spherical coordinates:
Spherical coordinates with x, y, z unit vectors:
Cylindrical coordinates:
Cylindrical coordinates with unit vectors:
Cylindrical coordinates with rho and r swapped:
Surface integral over spherical coordinates:
Integrating over a surface:
Edit and compile if you like:
% Author: Izaak Neutelings (June 2017)
% taken from https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/159445/draw-in-cylindrical-and-spherical-coordinates
\documentclass[border=3pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{physics}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\usepackage[outline]{contour} % glow around text
\usepackage{xcolor}
\colorlet{veccol}{green!50!black}
\colorlet{projcol}{blue!70!black}
\colorlet{myblue}{blue!80!black}
\colorlet{myred}{red!90!black}
\colorlet{mydarkblue}{blue!50!black}
\tikzset{>=latex} % for LaTeX arrow head
\tikzstyle{proj}=[projcol!80,line width=0.08] %very thin
\tikzstyle{area}=[draw=veccol,fill=veccol!80,fill opacity=0.6]
\tikzstyle{vector}=[-stealth,myblue,thick,line cap=round]
\tikzstyle{unit vector}=[->,veccol,thick,line cap=round]
\tikzstyle{dark unit vector}=[unit vector,veccol!70!black]
\usetikzlibrary{angles,quotes} % for pic (angle labels)
\contourlength{1.3pt}
\begin{document}
% 3D AXIS with spherical coordinates
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{110}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2,tdplot_main_coords]
% VARIABLES
\def\rvec{.8}
\def\thetavec{30}
\def\phivec{60}
% AXES
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[below left=-3]{$x$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[right=-1]{$y$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[above=-1]{$z$};
% VECTORS
\tdplotsetcoord{P}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec}
\draw[vector,red] (O) -- (P) node[above right=-2] {P};
\draw[dashed,myred] (O) -- (Pxy);
\draw[dashed,myred] (P) -- (Pxy);
\draw[dashed,myred] (Py) -- (Pxy);
% ARCS
\tdplotdrawarc[->]{(O)}{0.2}{0}{\phivec}
{anchor=north}{$\phi$}
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[->,tdplot_rotated_coords]{(0,0,0)}{0.4}{0}{\thetavec}
{anchor=south west}{\hspace{-1mm}$\theta$}
\end{tikzpicture}
% 3D AXIS with spherical coordinates
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{110}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.8,tdplot_main_coords]
% VARIABLES
\def\l{0.3} % length scale dark unit vector
\def\rvec{1.2}
\def\thetavec{46}
\def\phivec{50}
% AXES
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\tdplotsetcoord{P}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec}
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (O) -- (Pxy);
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[below left=-3]{$x$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[right=-1]{$y$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[above=-1]{$z$};
\draw[unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (1.3*\l,0,0) node[above=3,left=-1,scale=0.8]{$\vu{x}$};
\draw[unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (0,.9*\l,0) node[right=2,above=-1,scale=0.8]{$\vu{y}$};
\draw[unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,\l) node[left,scale=0.8]{$\vu{z}$};
% VECTORS
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (P) -- (Pxy);
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (P) -- (Pz);
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (Py) -- (Pxy) -- (Px);
\node[circle,inner sep=0.9,fill=myblue]
(P') at ({\rvec*sin(\thetavec)*cos(\phivec)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec)*sin(\phivec)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec)}) {};
\draw[vector] (O) -- (P') node[above right=-2] {P};
% ARCS
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[->,tdplot_rotated_coords]{(0,0,0)}{0.4}{0}{\thetavec}
{right=2,above}{$\theta$}
\end{tikzpicture}
% 3D AXIS with cylindrical coordinates
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{110}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2.2,tdplot_main_coords]
% VARIABLES
\def\rtheta{0.25} % length theta arc
\def\rvec{1.2}
\def\phivec{46}
\def\thetavec{48}
% AXES
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[below left=-3]{$x$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[right=-1]{$y$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[above=-1]{$z$};
% POINT P
\tdplotsetcoord{P}{\rvec}{\phivec}{\thetavec}
\draw (Pxy)++(0,0,0.12) --++ (\thetavec+180:0.12) --++ (0,0,-0.12);
\node[circle,inner sep=0.9,fill=myblue]
(P') at ({\rvec*sin(\phivec)*cos(\thetavec)},{\rvec*sin(\phivec)*sin(\thetavec)},{\rvec*cos(\phivec)}) {};
% VECTORS & DASHED
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (P) -- (Pz)
node[pos=0.55,above right=-6] {\contour{white}{$\rho$}};
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (Py) -- (Pxy) -- (Px);
% MEASURES
\draw[<->,veccol] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)})
node[pos=0.5,scale=0.9]{\contour{white}{$\rho$}};
\draw[<->,veccol] (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)}) -- (P')
node[pos=0.55,scale=0.9]{\contour{white}{$z$}};
\draw[->] (\rtheta,0,0) arc(0:\thetavec:\rtheta)
node[pos=0.35,below=-2,scale=0.9] {$\theta$};
% VECTORS
\draw[vector] (O) -- (P')
node[pos=0.5,above left=-4] {$r$}
node[right=1,above right=-3] {$\mathrm{P} = (\rho;\theta;z)$};
\end{tikzpicture}
% 3D AXIS with cylindrical coordinates with dark unit vectors
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{110}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2.2,tdplot_main_coords]
% VARIABLES
\def\l{0.30} % length scale dark unit vector
\def\rtheta{0.7*\l} % length theta arc
\def\rvec{1.2}
\def\phivec{46}
\def\thetavec{48}
% AXES
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\tdplotsetcoord{P}{\rvec}{\phivec}{\thetavec}
\draw[dashed,myblue] (O) -- (Pxy);
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[below left=-3]{$x$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[right=-1]{$y$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[above=-1]{$z$};
\draw (Pxy)++(0,0,0.12) --++ (\thetavec+180:0.12) --++ (0,0,-0.12);
% VECTORS & DASHED
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (P) -- (Pz)
node[pos=0.55,above right=-6] {\contour{white}{$\rho$}};
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (Py) -- (Pxy) -- (Px);
% MEASURES
\draw[->,veccol] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)})
node[myblue,pos=0.65,scale=0.9]{\contour{white}{$\rho$}};
\draw[<->,veccol] (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)}) -- (P')
node[myblue,pos=0.55,scale=0.9]{\contour{white}{$z$}};
\draw[->] (\rtheta,0,0) arc(0:\thetavec:\rtheta)
node[pos=0.35,below=-2,scale=0.9] {$\theta$};
% UNITT VECTORS
\draw[dark unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec:1.2*\l)
node[left=3,below=-3,scale=0.8]{$\vu*{\rho}$};
\draw[dark unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec+90:\l)
node[above=2.5,right=-2.5,scale=0.8]{$\vu*{\theta}$};
\draw[dark unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,\l)
node[left,scale=0.8]{$\vu{z}$};
% VECTORS
\node[circle,inner sep=0.9,fill=myblue]
(P') at ({\rvec*sin(\phivec)*cos(\thetavec)},{\rvec*sin(\phivec)*sin(\thetavec)},{\rvec*cos(\phivec)}) {};
\draw[vector] (O) -- (P')
node[pos=0.5,above left=-4] {$r$}
node[right=1,above right=-3] {$\mathrm{P} = (\rho;\theta;z)$};
\end{tikzpicture}
% 3D AXIS with polar coordinates
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{110}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2.2,tdplot_main_coords]
% VARIABLES
\def\l{0.30} % length scale dark unit vector
\def\rtheta{0.7*\l} % length theta arc
\def\rvec{1.2}
\def\phivec{46}
\def\thetavec{48}
% AXES
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\tdplotsetcoord{P}{\rvec}{\phivec}{\thetavec}
\draw[dashed,myblue] (O) -- (Pxy);
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[below left=-3]{$x$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[right=-1]{$y$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[above=-1]{$z$};
\draw (Pxy)++(0,0,0.12) --++ (\thetavec+180:0.12) --++ (0,0,-0.12);
% VECTORS & DASHED
%\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (P) -- (Pxy);
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (P) -- (Pz)
node[pos=0.55,above right=-5] {\contour{white}{$r$}};
\draw[dashed,mydarkblue] (Py) -- (Pxy) -- (Px);
% MEASURES
%\draw[->,veccol] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)}) node[pos=0.75,above=0,scale=0.9]{$r$};
\draw[->,veccol] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)})
node[myblue,pos=0.65,scale=0.9]{\contour{white}{$r$}};
%\draw[<->,veccol] (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)}) --++ (0,0,{\rvec*cos(\phivec)})
\draw[<->,veccol] (\thetavec:{\rvec*sin(\phivec)}) -- (P')
node[myblue,pos=0.55,scale=0.9]{\contour{white}{$z$}};
\draw[->] (\rtheta,0,0) arc(0:\thetavec:\rtheta)
node[pos=0.35,below=-2,scale=0.9] {$\theta$};
% UNITT VECTORS
\draw[dark unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec:1.2*\l)
node[left=2,below=-3,scale=0.8]{$\vu{r}$};
\draw[dark unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (\thetavec+90:\l)
node[above=2.5,right=-2.5,scale=0.8]{$\vu*{\theta}$};
\draw[dark unit vector] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,\l)
node[left,scale=0.8]{$\vu{z}$};
% VECTORS
\node[circle,inner sep=0.9,fill=myblue]
(P') at ({\rvec*sin(\phivec)*cos(\thetavec)},{\rvec*sin(\phivec)*sin(\thetavec)},{\rvec*cos(\phivec)}) {};
\draw[vector] (O) -- (P')
node[right=1,above right=-3] {$\mathrm{P} = (r;\theta;z)$};
\end{tikzpicture}
% 3D AXIS with spherical coordinates, dA
\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{103}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2.8,tdplot_main_coords]
% VARIABLE
\def\rvec{1.0}
\def\thetavec{35}
\def\phivec{45}
\def\dtheta{10}
\def\dphi{16}
\def\sphere#1#2#3{plot[domain=#1]({\rvec*sin(#2)*cos(#3)},{\rvec*sin(#2)*sin(#3)},{\rvec*cos(#2)})}
\contourlength{0.8pt}
% AXES
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (1.16*\rvec,0,0) node[left=2,below]{$x$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,1.1*\rvec,0) node[below=2,right=0]{$y$};
\draw[thick,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1.1*\rvec) node[above]{$z$};
% COORDINATES
\tdplotsetcoord{P}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{PB}{\rvec}{\thetavec+\dtheta}{\phivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{PR}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec+\dphi}
\tdplotsetcoord{PBR}{\rvec}{\thetavec+\dtheta}{\phivec+\dphi}
% CONE
\draw[veccol!20,very thin] (O) -- (PBR);
\draw[veccol!20,very thin] (O) -- (PR);
\draw[->,veccol] (O) -- (P) node[below=5,left=2] {$\vb{r}$};
\draw[veccol,very thin] (O) -- (PB);
% PROJECTIONS
\draw[proj] %\thetavec+\dtheta
plot[domain=0:90]({\rvec*sin(\x)*cos(\phivec)},{\rvec*sin(\x)*sin(\phivec)},{\rvec*cos(\x)}) coordinate (BL);
\draw[proj]
plot[domain=0:90]({\rvec*sin(\x)*cos(\phivec+\dphi)},{\rvec*sin(\x)*sin(\phivec+\dphi)},{\rvec*cos(\x)}) coordinate (BR);
\draw[proj]
plot[domain=0:90]({\rvec*cos(\x)},{\rvec*sin(\x)},0);
\draw[proj] (O) -- (BL); % PBxy
\draw[proj] (O) -- (BR); % PBRxy
\draw[proj] (P) -- (Pz);
\draw[proj] (PR) -- (Pz) node[midway,above=-2,rotate=-24] {\contour{white}{$r\sin\theta$}};
%\draw[proj,projcol!15,dashed] (P) -- (Pxy);
%\draw[proj,projcol!15,dashed] (PR) -- (PRxy);
%\draw[proj,projcol!15,dashed] (PB) -- (PBxy);
%\draw[proj,projcol!15,dashed] (PBR) -- (PBRxy);
% AREA
\draw[area]
plot[domain=0:.99*\dphi]({\rvec*sin(\thetavec)*cos(\phivec+\x)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec)*sin(\phivec+\x)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec)}) --
plot[domain=0:.99*\dtheta]({\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\x)*cos(\phivec+\dphi)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\x)*sin(\phivec+\dphi)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec+\x)}) --
plot[domain=.99*\dphi:0]({\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\dtheta)*cos(\phivec+\x)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\dtheta)*sin(\phivec+\x)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec+\dtheta)}) --
plot[domain=.99*\dtheta:0]({\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\x)*cos(\phivec)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\x)*sin(\phivec)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec+\x)}) --
cycle;
% MEASURES
%\node[right=3,below right=-2] at (PB) {$r\sin\theta\dd{\phi}$};
%\node[right=5,below right=-2] at (PR) {$r\dd{\theta}$};
\draw[<->,proj,thin]
plot[domain=0:\dphi]({\rvec*sin(\thetavec+1.11*\dtheta)*cos(\phivec+\x)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec+1.11*\dtheta)*sin(\phivec+\x)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec+1.11*\dtheta)})
node[right=12,below] {\contour{white}{$r\sin\theta\dd{\phi}$}};
\draw[<->,proj,thin]
plot[domain=0:\dtheta]({\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\x)*cos(\phivec+1.15*\dphi)},{\rvec*sin(\thetavec+\x)*sin(\phivec+1.15*\dphi)},{\rvec*cos(\thetavec+\x)})
node[above=11,right=-3] {$r\dd{\theta}$};
% ANGLES
\tdplotdrawarc[->]{(O)}{0.35*\rvec}{0}{\phivec}
{below=-2}{$\phi$}
\tdplotdrawarc[->]{(O)}{0.45*\rvec}{\phivec}{\phivec+\dphi}
{anchor=145,inner sep=1}{\contour{white}{$\dd{\phi}$}}
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[->,tdplot_rotated_coords]{(0,0,0)}{0.36*\rvec}{0}{\thetavec}
{right=2,above=-1}{$\theta$}
\tdplotdrawarc[->,tdplot_rotated_coords]{(0,0,0)}{0.54*\rvec}{\thetavec}{\thetavec+\dtheta}
{left=0.2,above right=-2}{\contour{white}{$\dd{\theta}$}}
\end{tikzpicture}
% SOLID ANGLE SURFACE INTEGRATION
\begin{tikzpicture}
% VARIABLE
\def\R{3.8}
\def\ang{5}
\def\angII{40}
\coordinate (O) at (0,0);
\coordinate (P) at (\ang:\R);
\coordinate (Pr) at (\ang:\R-0.25);
% SURFACE
\fill[top color=white,bottom color=blue!20,middle color=white,shading angle=\angII+95]
(\ang+20:0.8*\R) to[out=-15,in=130] (\ang:1.1*\R) to[out=-50,in=80]
(\ang-15:1.2*\R) to[out=150,in=-70] cycle;
\draw[blue!80!black!80]
(\ang+20:0.8*\R) to[out=-15,in=130] (\ang:1.1*\R) to[out=-50,in=80] (\ang-15:1.2*\R);
% CONE
\draw[unit vector]
(0,0) -- (P); % node[left=3,below left=2] {$\vb{r}$};
%\begin{scope}
% \clip[shift={(P)},rotate around={22:(P)}]
% (-0.4,0) rectangle ++(0.8,0.8) -- cycle;
% \draw[draw=blue!80,fill=blue!80,fill opacity=0.6,rotate around={\angII:(P)},fill opacity=0.4]
% (P) ellipse (0.2 and 0.4);
%\end{scope}
\draw[area,fill opacity=0.4,rotate around={\ang:(Pr)}]
(Pr)++(90+\ang:0.006*\R) ellipse (0.2 and 0.375);
\draw[draw=blue!80,fill=blue!80,fill opacity=0.4,rotate around={\angII:(P)}]
(P) ellipse (0.2 and 0.468);
%\begin{scope}
% \clip[shift={(P)},rotate around={22:(P)}]
% (-0.4,0) rectangle ++(0.8,-0.8) -- cycle;
% \draw[draw=blue!80,fill=blue!80,fill opacity=0.6,rotate around={\angII:(P)},fill opacity=0.4]
% (P) ellipse (0.2 and 0.4);
%\end{scope}
\draw[dashed,proj]
(P)++(\angII+84:0.464) coordinate (PT) -- (0,0);
\draw[dashed,proj]
(P)++(\angII-96:0.468) coordinate (PB) node[blue!90,right=3,below=-1,scale=0.8] {$\dd{A}$} -- (0,0);
\node[veccol,left=11,below=10,scale=0.8] at (Pr) {$\cos\theta\dd{A}$};
% VECTORS
\draw[unit vector,blue!80]
(P) --++ (\angII:0.28*\R) coordinate (N) node[above=1,right] {$\vu{n}$};
\draw[dark unit vector]
(P) --++ (\ang:0.28*\R) coordinate (R) node[right] {$\vu{r}$};
\draw pic[->,"$\theta$",draw=black,angle radius=16,angle eccentricity=1.4] {angle = R--P--N};
%\draw pic[->,"$\Delta\Omega$",draw=black,angle radius=26,angle eccentricity=1.4] {angle = PB--O--PT};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
Click to download: axis3D.tex • axis3D.pdf
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Great examples, Thanks for sharing.